Skip to main content

Pharmaceutical Analysis: GPAT preparation


Pharmaceutical Analysis is one of the interesting subjects in Pharmacy. Knowing how the analysis of compounds is carried out and what actually happens at molecular levels is really interesting. 
The answers of questions like 'what happens at molecular levels?', 'What exactly happens when a compound is exposed to various radiations/chemicals during analysis?' are given in the principles of every analytical tool. 
Mainly, we need to focus on the principles of analytical methods while preparing for GPAT.

Important points you need to focus on while preparing for Pharmaceutical Analysis:

 (Click on the following topics to read article)

1. Principles (In detail), Instrumentation (parts of the instruments and their role) and applications of --
2. In NMR studies, focus on chemical shift point (principle), shielding, deshielding phenomenon, coupling constant.

3. Chromatography is a vast yet very interesting topic to study. It includes, paper chromatography, Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), Column Chromatography, High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Gas Chromatography.

In all these chromatographic techniques, you need to focus on--
  • Paper Chromatography- Types of papers, solvent system, limitations.
  • TLC & HPTLC- types of stationary phases, properties and limitations of each type of stationary phase, preparation of plates, limitations and applications.
  • Column chromatography- principle, types of columns, solvent system, stationary phases.
  • Gas chromatography- principle, types of columns, detectors.
  • HPLC-  types of columns, types of stationary phases, solvent system, instrumentation.
4. Know the difference between normal phase and reverse phase chromatography. Likewise the use of polar and non-polar solvents.

5. Differentiate chromatographic techniques based on their qualitative and quantitative applications.

6. Know the difference between spectroscopy and spectrometry.

7. Remember the wavelength ranges of radiations in respective studies. 

That's what I feel important for GPAT exams.
😊

Let's start studying!

Labels

Labels:

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

TABLETS

    Short notes on tablets I In this first article on tablets I am going to provide some important points regarding tablet formulation.   ü   I : Advantages, disadvantages, tablet defects and the excipients used in the formulation of tablets ü   II : Evaluationparameters and types & classes of tablets . Second part of this topic will be provided in the next post. So, for short notes on second point please refer the next post. Let’s start with the first point in this topic. ADVANTAGES OF TABLETS Oral route of administration is the most preferred route for the administration of drugs for their systemic effects. Tablets are mostly preferred for this due to following advantages: ·          Unit dosage forms ·          Greatest dose precision ·          Least content variability ·       ...
1 comment
Read more

UV-Visible spectroscopy: Basics

Ultraviolet Spectroscopy In this anaytical technique, ultraviolet radiations are used. Wavelength ranges of radiations: Visible light : 400 - 800 nm Near UV radiations : 200 - 400 nm Far/ Vacuum UV : below 200 nm Generally, we carry out UV analysis in near UV region of radiations. PRINCIPLE : Electronic transitions When a molecule absorbs UV radiations, the electronic excitation occur where electrons go from lower to higher energy state.  Electronic excitation causes the electron to go from electron bonding orbital to antibonding orbital. After some time electron returns to its original state (stable). While returning to its stable form (into bonding orbital) it releases excess energy. That energy is measured by the detector to access the wavelength (λmax) /absorption pattern. TRANSITIONS: σ → σ* (126-135 nm) n → σ* (180-200 nm) π → π* n → π* ALLOWED TRANSITION:  π → π* FORBIDDEN TRANSITIONS:    n → π* ENERGY OF VARIO...
Post a Comment
Read more

Linctuses: Monophasic Liquid Dosage Form

  LINCTUSES What is a Linctus? Linctuses are sweet, viscous liquid oral preparations containing medicinal substances which have demulscent, expectorant or sedative properties. These contain high proportions of syrup and glycerin which exert demulscent effect on the mucous membrane of throat. In order to obtain prolonged local action, linctuses should be administered slowly in undiluted form. Formulation of Linctus  1. Vehicle : Syrups are mostly used as vehicles in the linctuses. Tolu syrup is preferred in cough preparations due to its aromatic odor and flavour. Glycerol syrup and invert syrup are also used as vehicles. Linctus preparation for diabetic patients contain sorbitol syrup (vehicle). Medicament is first dissolved in little amount of water and then added into vehicle. Syrups are viscous and contain less amount of water, this limits (affects) the dissolution of medicament in syrup. 2. Additives: Colouring agents : Amaranth, Erythrosin, Tartrazine. Flavouring agents : ...
Post a Comment
Read more