GPAT 360

SYRUPS :  Monophasic Liquid Dosage Form Syrups are sweet and viscous or nearly saturated aqueous solutions of sugar or sugar substitute. Syrups containing therapeutic agent(s) are known as medicated syrups . Syrups containing flavouring agents but not medicinal substance / therapeutic agent are known as flavoured vehicles . Role/advantages of syrups : 1. Palatable : nauseous, bitter tasting, saline drugs can be administered with ease. 2. Pediatric patients : Medicated syrups are the most frequently administered dosage forms in pediatrics.  3. Little or no alcohol : Syrups are preferred for children due to less or no alcohol in syrups unlike elixirs. Commonly Used sweeteners in syrup formulations: 1. Sugars : Sucrose, Dextrose 2. Non-sugars : Sorbitol, Glycerin, propylene glycol. Why concentration of sucrose in sugar based syrup is important? Reasons are: the dilute solution of sucrose may cause microbial growth in formulation while the saturated sucrose solution may lead to crystalli

  Emulsion Instead of a long definition, let's get to know this term in small divided forms. Emulsion is a thermodynamically unstable system. It consists of two immiscible liquids (one is generally water and another is oil)  It consists of one phase dispersed into another in the form of globules/ droplets. Either oil is dispersed in water (o/w) or water is dispersed into oil (w/o) This system is stabilized by adding suitable emulsifying agent(s). The liquid which is dispersed in the form of small globules is known as dispersed phase . The liquid in which globules are dispersed is known as continuous phase . For example - if paraffin oil is dispersed in the form of globules into water, paraffin oil is a dispersed phase and water is a continuous phase. This system is o/w i.e. oil in water emulsion. The dispersed phase is also known as discontinuous phase or internal phase. The continuous phase is also known as dispersion media or external phase. 1. While formulating an emu