GPAT 360

AROMATIC WATERS Aromatic waters are the saturated solutions of volatile oils or other aromatic substances.   Methods of preparation of aromatic waters: Distillation: Crude drug/material is placed in sufficient amount of purified water in flask. After heating water forms a steam which is condensed to obtain a condensate which contain aromatic principles. This method is expensive, tedious and time consuming. Examples: Orange flower water NF, Strong Rose water NF. Solution method: In this method, the volatile oil is shaken for 15 min with sufficient quantity (500 times) of water to make a solution. The resultant solution is kept aside for 12 hrs then filtered through wet filter paper.  Examples: Dill water, Peppermint water, Chloroform water, Camphor water, etc. Alternate solution method: The volatile oil is mixed with an inert adsorptive material ( Talc, Kieselghur, purified siliceous earth) then 1 ltr of purified water is added and agitated for 10 min. Resulting solution is filtered

MONOPHASIC LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS Mono-Single Monophasic – single phase dosage forms Examples: solutions, aromatic waters and tinctures A.   SOLUTIONS Monophasic system of two or more substances, e.g. sodium chloride solution, Pharmaceutical solutions are defined as the liquid preparations containing one or more chemical substances usually dissolved in water. Methods of preparation 1. Simple dissolution: Solute + suitable solvent → with/without heat → solution e.g. Morphine hydrochloride solution, Adrenaline hydrochloride solution. 2. Solution by chemical reaction: Reaction of two or more solutes → in suitable solvent. e.g. Aluminium acetate solution Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 +3CaCO 3 +4CH 3 COOH → 2Al.(CH 3 COO) 2 .OH +3CaSO 4 +3CO 2 +H 2 O  3.  Solutions by extraction: Removal of active constituents from crude drugs with the help of solvent. e.g. liquid extracts and tinctures. Solutions for internal use: Taken orally: mixtures, elixirs, tinctures, draught

Affinity chromatography Affinity chromatography  is a method of separating biochemical mixture based on a highly specific interaction between antigen and antibody , enzyme and substrate , receptor and ligand , or protein and nucleic acid . Back in the year of post-graduation, I have delivered a seminar on Affinity Chromatography. Its Powerpoint presentation is not so good and I did not include much text in the ppt. Rather I have decided to include only the informative pictures and I explained the whole topic only with those pictures. (I got good grade for this!) So, here is this ppt. You can download it if you want! DOWNLOAD   AFFINITY CHROMTOGRAPHY [PPT] For preparation of this topic I downloaded A Handbook of Affinity Chromatography. The principle and methods of this chromatography are well explained in this book. I am giving link of this book for you.  Don't forget to download and read!  DOWNLOAD HANDBOOK OF AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY [PDF] Do you know the components of affinity m

Chromtography is an interesting section in Pharmaceutical Analysis subject. Here, I have compiled various chromatographic techniques in one/ two documents. INDEX 1. Classification of chromatography 2. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) 3. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) 4. Ion Exchange Chromatography  Following pdf also contains various sub-sections with detailed information about chromatographic techniques.  Click on the following link to download pdf. DOWNLOAD  CHROMATOGRAPHY [PDF] 

In NMR chapter, from the GPAT point of view, the quantum numbers, their role and chemical shift phenomenon are the important points.  so, here I have given details about the same! View other instrumental analysis notes on the homepage ⇢ www.gpat360.blogspot.com  Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) - Absorption of radio frequency (electromagnetic radiation) waves induce transition in the molecules. - Radiofrequency region: 4 MHz to 750 MHz Principle: - It is a branch of absorption spectroscopy in which radio frequency waves induce transitions between magnetic energy levels of nuclei of a molecule. - The nucleus or proton behaves as a spinning magnet and it can align itself or oppose to an external magnetic field . - It has precessional motion around itself. - When external magnetic field is applied, this spinning proton either align (lower energy) or oppose (higher energy) to the field. Precessional frequency (ν)  ∝  Strength of external magnetic field (B

Mass Spectrometry Spectrometry = use of no radia tions. Compound under investigation is bombarded with a beam of electrons to produce the ionic fragments or an ionic molecule of the original species. Resulting charged particles are then separated according to their masses . The spectrum produced shows information abound various masses produced and their relative abundance. PRINCIPLE OF MASS SPECTROMETRY This technique is based on the principle of separation of individual atom or molecule according to difference in their masses. When molecule M is bombarded with a beam of electrons, M + e - à M + + 2e - Resulting ionized molecule M + is then accelerated in an electric field at voltage V. In this condition, the energy given to the particle is eV and this is equal to the kinetic energy (1/2mv 2 ). When there are multiple particles, all the particles will possess the same energy eV and also the same kinetic energy. As the value of ‘m’ in kinetics e

INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY: BASICS This technique is used for the  structural analysis of molecule.   After absorption of IR radiations, molecules vibrate at many rates of vibrations, which shows various characteristic peaks in the spectrum. Various wavelength ranges (IR): REGION WAVELENGTH (μ) WAVE NUMBER (cm -1 ) Photographic region Visible to 1.2 Visible to 8333.33 Very near IR (Overtone) region 1.2 to 2.5 8300 to 4000 Near IR (Vibration) region 2.5 to 25 4000 to 400 Far IR (Rotation) region 25 to 300-400 400 to 33.33-25 Conversion of wavelength into wavenumber and vice versa: Remember, 1μ =  10 -6 m,  and  cm -1  = 1/cm,  Simply, multiply (1/wavelength) or (1/wavenumber) with  10 4 . Principle of IR spectroscopy: 1. Correct wavelength of radiation: Natural frequency of vibration of a molecule should match with the incident IR radiation.  Example: