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Aromatic waters & Tinctures: Monophasic liquid dosage forms

AROMATIC WATERS Aromatic waters are the saturated solutions of volatile oils or other aromatic substances. Methods of preparation of aromatic waters: Distillation: Crude drug/material is placed in sufficient amount of purified water in flask. After heating water forms a steam which is condensed to obtain a condensate which contain aromatic principles. This method is expensive, tedious and time consuming. Examples: Orange flower water NF, Strong Rose water NF. Solution method: In this method, the volatile oil is shaken for 15 min with sufficient quantity (500 times) of water to make a solution. The resultant solution is kept aside for 12 hrs then filtered through wet filter paper. Examples: Dill water, Peppermint water, Chloroform water, Camphor water, etc. Alternate solution method: The volatile oil is mixed with an inert adsorptive material ( Talc, Kieselghur, purified siliceous earth) then 1 ltr of purified water is added and agitated for 10 min. Resulting solution is filtered

UV-Visible spectroscopy: Basics

Ultraviolet Spectroscopy In this anaytical technique, ultraviolet radiations are used. Wavelength ranges of radiations: Visible light : 400 - 800 nm Near UV radiations : 200 - 400 nm Far/ Vacuum UV : below 200 nm Generally, we carry out UV analysis in near UV region of radiations. PRINCIPLE : Electronic transitions When a molecule absorbs UV radiations, the electronic excitation occur where electrons go from lower to higher energy state. Electronic excitation causes the electron to go from electron bonding orbital to antibonding orbital. After some time electron returns to its original state (stable). While returning to its stable form (into bonding orbital) it releases excess energy. That energy is measured by the detector to access the wavelength (λmax) /absorption pattern. TRANSITIONS: σ → σ* (126-135 nm) n → σ* (180-200 nm) π → π* n → π* ALLOWED TRANSITION: π → π* FORBIDDEN TRANSITIONS: n → π* ENERGY OF VARIOUS TRANSITIONS: σ

Linctuses: Monophasic Liquid Dosage Form

LINCTUSES What is a Linctus? Linctuses are sweet, viscous liquid oral preparations containing medicinal substances which have demulscent, expectorant or sedative properties. These contain high proportions of syrup and glycerin which exert demulscent effect on the mucous membrane of throat. In order to obtain prolonged local action, linctuses should be administered slowly in undiluted form. Formulation of Linctus 1. Vehicle : Syrups are mostly used as vehicles in the linctuses. Tolu syrup is preferred in cough preparations due to its aromatic odor and flavour. Glycerol syrup and invert syrup are also used as vehicles. Linctus preparation for diabetic patients contain sorbitol syrup (vehicle). Medicament is first dissolved in little amount of water and then added into vehicle. Syrups are viscous and contain less amount of water, this limits (affects) the dissolution of medicament in syrup. 2. Additives: Colouring agents : Amaranth, Erythrosin, Tartrazine. Flavouring agents : Lemon syr

CAPSULES I

Capsules are solid unit dosage forms in which the drug substance is enclosed within either a hard or soft gelatin shell. Hard gelatin capsules (HGC) : Hard Gelatin Capsules Contain two parts: a cap and other is a body. Widely used for the filling of powders, granules and pellets. Manufactured by dipping method, which involves steps: Dipping, Rotation, Drying, Stripping, Trimming & Joining . These are less plasticised than soft gelatin capsules. Soft gelatin capsules ( SGC): Soft Gelatin Capsules (Softgels) Referred as softgels as these are made from the more plasticised gelatin film. These are completely sealed dosage form & cannot be opened without destroying the shell. Generally, suspensions or the solutions of drug that do not solubilize the gelatin shell are enclosed in SGC. The most common methods for preparation of SGC is Rotary die process, Plate process, Bubble method, Accogel (powder or granules filling). HARD GELATIN CAPSULES (

Microencapsulation

Microencapsulation Microencapsulation is the process by which tiny liquid droplets or solid particles are suspended or coated with a continuous film of polymeric material. Product known as: microcapsules Size : micrometer to millimeter (<1mm) Mononuclear microcapsule Parts of microcapsules: 1. Intrinsic part (inner): Core: contains active ingredient. 2. Extrinsic part (outer): Shell: comprises polymeric material. The shell protects the core from external atmospheres. Core material exists in the form of either a solid, liquid and gas. Core materials --> solutions, suspensions, emulsions. Core material and shell materials should be compatible with each other. Morphology of microcapsules: Mononuclear microcapsules: contain the shell around core. polynuclear microcapsules: contain many cores within a shell. Matrix microcapsules: core material is evenly distributed inside shell material. i.e. API (drug, core) is dispersed in shell (polymer). p

TABLETS

Short notes on tablets I In this first article on tablets I am going to provide some important points regarding tablet formulation. ü I : Advantages, disadvantages, tablet defects and the excipients used in the formulation of tablets ü II : Evaluationparameters and types & classes of tablets . Second part of this topic will be provided in the next post. So, for short notes on second point please refer the next post. Let’s start with the first point in this topic. ADVANTAGES OF TABLETS Oral route of administration is the most preferred route for the administration of drugs for their systemic effects. Tablets are mostly preferred for this due to following advantages: · Unit dosage forms · Greatest dose precision · Least content variability · Lowest cost · The lightest and the most compact oral dosage forms · Easy transportation as compared to liquids · Product identification is easy